The two nuclear-armed rivals have exchanged artillery shells, gunfire, missiles and drones, killing civilians on both sides and raising concerns of a wider war. The fresh round of confrontation is yet another escalation of a decades-long conflict over the disputed Kashmir region that began after a bloody partition of India in 1947.

In August 1947, Britain divided India, its former colony, into two countries – Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. The fate of Kashmir – then a princely state – was left undecided. Excitement over independence was quickly overshadowed by some of the worst bloodletting that left up to one million people dead as gangs of Hindus and Muslims slaughtered each other.

Creating two independent nations also tore apart millions of Hindu and Muslim families in one of the world’s largest peacetime migrations. Many fled their homes and lost their property, never imagining that they would not be able to return. At least 15 million people were displaced. (Jamaica Gleaner)