They explained that this illegal activity disrupts their daily lives and that they worry about the possible consequences of the smoke on their health. “It is unacceptable for us to be exposed to the consequences of the burning of garbage. When the smoke spreads throughout the neighbourhood, it becomes impossible for residents to enjoy their house and yard,” said the residents who made it clear that they want the authorities to take firm action against the burning of garbage. “The authorities must take the complaints seriously by finding the location where the garbage is being burnt in order to determine who can be held accountable.” Open waste burning releases a mix of pollutants, including fine particulate matter and sooty smoke known as black carbon. These tiny particles are a major component of urban smog and can penetrate deep into the lungs, contributing to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, said Budi Haryanto, a professor of environmental health at the University of Indonesia.

The health risks go beyond short-term symptoms such as coughing, colds or acute respiratory infections, he said. “Chemical components such as black carbon and carbon monoxide penetrate deeper into the body and deposit in vital organs: heart, nervous system, lungs, digestive tract, skin, blood and bones,” Budi said. “Heavy metals can inhibit red blood cell production in bone marrow.If left unaddressed, air pollution becomes a silent killer,” he warned.