exploitation and erode their hard-won rights. The world's fifth-largest economy last week implemented long-awaited labour laws that will replace colonial-era legislation and simplify a maze of confusing regulation. The overhaul consolidates 29 existing labour laws into four key codes, with the number of rules being cut from more than 1,400 to about 350 but unions say the reforms will hurt workers' rights. Gautam Mody from the New Trade Union Initiative said workers from across all sectors were protesting Wednesday outside factories and in many city centres. "Workers have been blindsided by the government," he told AFP.

"We want fairness, justice and equity before the law which are being denied under the new codes," Mody said. While the new regulations boost safety standards and mandate guaranteed social security benefits for gig workers, they also allow for longer factory shifts, make it tougher for workers to conduct strikes and easier for medium-sized firms to fire employees. A controversial key provision raises the threshold for firms that needed prior government permission for layoffs from 100 to 300 workers -- which means companies with up to 300 employees can retrench staff without any approval.

The move has sparked worry among trade unions, aligned with parties opposed to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, who have called it a "deceptive fraud" against the nation's working people. The Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU) said in a statement that the government wanted to portray these codes as "pro-worker" and "modernising". But "in reality they constitute the most sweeping and aggressive abrogation of workers' hard-won rights and entitlements since Independence, aimed at facilitating corporate exploitation, contractualisation and unrestrained hire-and-fire".  Modi has said the overhaul represented an opportunity to eliminate compliance-intensive labour laws, often seen as preventing the Indian economy from wooing foreign investors. (Bssnews)